A Study of Biodegradation of Hybrid Bioplastic Films Blend from Manihot and Triticum Biopolymer



Abstract Views
1316

Downloads
1481

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Mar 5, 2022
Published May 18, 2022
10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.3.2772

Abstract viewed = 1316 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Environmental concerns associated with synthetic plastics are detrimental and have made it very crucial to develop biodegradable polymers for commercial and industrial uses. This work investigates the biodegradability of starch (biopolymer) based bioplastics through the soil burial test (SBT) technique. The biopolymeric films were synthesized from 190 and 250 µm biopolymer particulates of manihot esculenta and triticum aestivum. Blends from each particle size were produced in varied proportions with other additives. The biopolymeric films were characterized by physical, physiochemical, thermal, and microstructural tests. The biodegradability of starch-based polymers was determined by a soil burial test for 30 days where topsoil was used as a source of microbial activity. The conventional polyethylene film was also applied to the test. The bioplastic films were observed to have cracks on the surface and became hard and brittle at the end of the testing period. The total weight loss of 46.55–63.77 % was achieved by the bioplastic films. The LDPE film showed no trace of macro-structural changes or any weight reduction throughout the soil burial test. This research concludes that bioplastic films outperformed ordinary plastic films, as they were proven to be biodegradable; and can be employed efficiently in packaging applications.

Keywords: biodegradable, bioplastic, hybrid, starch, soil

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Baran B. Plastic waste as a challenge for sustainable development and circularity in the European Union. Ekonomia i Prawo, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, 2020;19(1):7-20. doi: 10.12775/EiP.2020.001.
     Google Scholar
  2. Milionis A, Ruffilli R, Bayer IS. Superhydrophobic nanocomposites from biodegradable thermoplastic starch composites (Mater-Bi®), hydrophobic nano-silica and lycopodium spores. RSC Advances, 2014;4(65):34395-34404. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA04117H.
     Google Scholar
  3. Emadian, SM, Onay TT, Demirel B. Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments. Waste management, 2017;59:526-536. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.006.
     Google Scholar
  4. Webb HK, Arnott J, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly (ethylene terephthalate). Polymers, 2013;5(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/poly m5010001.
     Google Scholar
  5. Breslin V, Reaven S, Schwartz M, Swanson L, Zweig M, Bortman M, Schubel J. Secondary materials: Engineering properties, environmental consequences, and social and economic impacts. Final report (No. NYSERDA-93-16). State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, NY (United States). Waste Management Inst., 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1275356/.
     Google Scholar
  6. Schwab O, Bayer P, Juraske R, Verones F, Hellweg S. Beyond the material grave: Life Cycle Impact Assessment of leaching from secondary materials in road and earth constructions. Waste management, 2014;34(10):1884-1896. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014. 04.022.
     Google Scholar
  7. Coniwanti P, Laila L, Alfira MR. Pembuatan film plastik biodegredabel dari pati jagung dengan penambahan kitosan dan pemplastis gliserol. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 2015;20(4). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PEMBUATAN-FILM-PLASTIK-BIODEGREDABEL-DARI-PATI-DAN-Coniwanti-Laila/e1360c02b590cea1735f7f8023439b688eb4a99d#paper-header.
     Google Scholar
  8. ?wiere??o W, Maruszewska A, Skórka-Majewicz M, Goschorska M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Dec K, Gutowska I. The influence of polyphenols on metabolic disorders caused by compounds released from plastics-Review. Chemosphere, 2020;240:124901. https://doi.or g/10. 1016/j. chemosphere .2019.124901.
     Google Scholar
  9. Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives presents in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. Journal of hazardous materials, 2018;344:179-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014.
     Google Scholar
  10. Adane L, Muleta D. Survey on the usage of plastic bags, their disposal and adverse impacts on environment: A case study in Jimma City, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 2011;3(8):234-248. https://academicjournals.org/art icle/article1379595494_Adane%20and%20Muleta%20(1).pdf.
     Google Scholar
  11. Karan H, Funk C, Grabert M, Oey M, Hankamer B. Green bioplastics as part of a circular bioeconomy. Trends in plant science, 2019;24(3):237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.010.
     Google Scholar
  12. Álvarez-Chávez CR, Edwards S, Moure-Eraso R, Geiser K. Sustainability of bio-based plastics: general comparative analysis and recommendations for improvement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2012; 23(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.003.
     Google Scholar
  13. Carmona-Gutierrez D, Ruckenstuhl C, Bauer MA. Eisenberg T. Cell death in yeast: growing applications of a dying buddy. 2010 May;17(5):733-4. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2010.10.
     Google Scholar
  14. Ross G, Ross S, Tighe BJ. Bioplastics: new routes, new products. Brydson's Plastics Materials, 2017:631-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35824-8.00023-2.
     Google Scholar
  15. Van Soest JJ, Hulleman SHD, De Wit D, Vliegenthart JFG. Crystallinity in starch bioplastics. Industrial Crops and Products, 1996; 5(1):11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(95)00048-8.
     Google Scholar
  16. Gómez-Martínez D, Partal P, Martínez I, Gallegos C. Gluten-based bioplastics with modified controlled-release and hydrophilic properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013;43:704-710. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.007.
     Google Scholar
  17. Brodin M, Vallejos M, Opedal MT, Area MC, Chinga-Carrasco G. Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources for production of bioplastics–A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017;162:646-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.209.
     Google Scholar
  18. Rocha CJL, Álvarez-Castillo E, Yáñez MRE, Bengoechea C, Guerrero A, Ledesma MTO. Development of bioplastics from a microalgae consortium from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020;263:110353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110353.
     Google Scholar
  19. Abidin MZAZ, Julkapli NM, Juahir H, Azaman F, Sulaiman NH, Abidin IZ. Fabrication and properties of chitosan with starch for packaging application. Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 2015;19:1032-1042. http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v19_n5/pdf/Arqam_19_5_13.pdf.
     Google Scholar
  20. Gadhave RV, Das A, Mahanwar PA, Gadekar PT. Starch based bio-plastics: the future of sustainable packaging. 2018. doi: 10.4236/ojpchem.2018.82003.
     Google Scholar
  21. Delgado M, Felix M, Bengoechea C. Development of bioplastic materials: From rapeseed oil industry by products to added-value biodegradable biocomposite materials. Industrial Crops and Products, 2018; 125:401-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.013.
     Google Scholar
  22. Ahn HK, Huda MS, Smith MC, Mulbry W, Schmidt WF, Reeves III JB. Biodegradability of injection molded bioplastic pots containing polylactic acid and poultry feather fiber. Bioresource technology, 2011;102(7):4930-4933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.042.
     Google Scholar
  23. Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP, Ugwu CU, Aiba S. Biodegradability of plastics. International journal of molecular sciences. 2009; 10(9):3722-3742. doi: 10.3390/ijms10093722.
     Google Scholar
  24. Meeks D, Hottle T, Bilec MM, Landis AE. Compostable biopolymer uses in the real world: Stakeholder interviews to better understand the motivations and realities of use and disposal in the US. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2015;105:134-142. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.022.
     Google Scholar
  25. Edhirej A, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Zahari NI. Cassava/sugar palm fiber reinforced cassava starch hybrid composites: Physical, thermal and structural properties. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2017;101:75-83.
     Google Scholar
  26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.045.
     Google Scholar
  27. Siracusa V, Rocculi P, Romani S, Dalla RM. Biodegradable polymers for food packaging: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2008;19(12):634-643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.07.003.
     Google Scholar
  28. Jabeen N, Majid I, Nayik GA. Bioplastics and food packaging: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2015;1(1):1117749. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1117749.
     Google Scholar
  29. "Cassava." New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Feb 2022, from <https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Cassava&oldid=1030031>.
     Google Scholar
  30. "Wheat." New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Feb 2022, from <https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Wheat&oldid=1000768>.
     Google Scholar
  31. D6988 – 13. Standard Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens. ASTM International, 2013; 1-7.
     Google Scholar
  32. D792–20. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement. ASTM International, 2020; 1–6.
     Google Scholar
  33. E1252–98. Standard Practice for General Techniques for Obtaining Infrared Spectra for Qualitative Analysis. ASTM International, 2013; 1-13.
     Google Scholar
  34. E1508-12A. Standard Guide for Quantitative Analysis by Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy. ASTM International, 2019:1-5.
     Google Scholar
  35. D570?98e1. Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics. ASTM International, 2010; 1-4.
     Google Scholar
  36. Garcia?Hernandez A, Vernon?Carter EJ, Alvarez?Ramirez J. Impact of ghosts on the mechanical, optical, and barrier properties of corn starch films. Starch?Stärke, 2017;69(1-2):1600308. doi:10.1002/star.2016 00308.
     Google Scholar
  37. Marras SI, Kladi KP, Tsivintzelis I, Zuburtikudis I, Panayiotou C. Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: the role of nanoclays on the thermomechanical characteristics and the electrospun fibrous structure. Acta Biomaterialia, 2008;4(3):756-765. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.12.005.
     Google Scholar
  38. Resianingrum R, Atmaka W, Khasanah U, Kawiji K, Utami R, Praseptiangga D. Characterization of cassava starch-based edible film enriched with lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus). Nusantara Bioscience. 2016;8(2):278-282. doi:10.13057/nusbiosci/n080223.
     Google Scholar
  39. Abdullah CK, Ismail I, Nurul FMR, Olaiya NG, Nasution H, Oyekanmi, AA, HPS AK. Properties and Interfacial Bonding Enhancement of Oil Palm Bio-Ash Nanoparticles Biocomposites. Polymers. 2021;13(10):1615. https://doi.org/10.3390 /po lym 13101615.
     Google Scholar
  40. Knapik HG, Fernandes CV, de Azevedo JCR, Dos Santos MM, Dall’Agnol, P.; & Fontane, D.G. Biodegradability of anthropogenic organic matter in polluted rivers using fluorescence, UV, and BDOC measurements. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2015;187(3):1-15. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4266-3.
     Google Scholar
  41. Abdullah AHD, Fikriyyah AK, Putri OD, Asri PPP. Fabrication and characterization of poly lactic acid (PLA)-starch based bioplastic composites. IOP Publishing. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019;553(1): 012052. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012052.
     Google Scholar
  42. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Vyvyan JA. Introduction to spectroscopy. Cengage Learning. 2014. https://books.google.com.ng/ books/about/Introduction_to_Spectroscopy.html?id=N-zKAgAAQB AJ&redir_esc=y.
     Google Scholar
  43. Jumaidin R, Sapuan SM, Jawaid M, Ishak MR, Sahari J. Characteristics of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar blend: Thermal, tensile, and physical properties. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2016;89:575-581. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05. 028.
     Google Scholar
  44. Sultan NFK, Johari WLW. The development of banana peel/corn starch bioplastic film: a preliminary study. Bioremediation Science and Technology Research, 2017;5(1):12-17. https://doi.org/10.54987/bstr. v5i1.352.
     Google Scholar
  45. Obasi HC. Tensile and biodegradable properties of extruded sorghum flour filled high density polyethylene films. Academic Research International, 2013a; 4(5):78. ISSN-L:2223-9553; ISSN: 2223-9944.
     Google Scholar
  46. Muscat D, Adhikari B, Adhikari R, Chaudhary DS. Comparative study of film forming behaviour of low and high amylose starches using glycerol and xylitol as plasticizers. Journal of Food Engineering, 2012; 109(2):189-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.019.
     Google Scholar
  47. Nissa RC, Fikriyyah AK, Abdullah AHD, Pudjiraharti S. Preliminary study of biodegradability of starch-based bioplastics using ASTM G21-70, dip-hanging, and Soil Burial Test methods. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019; 277(1):012007. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/277/1/012007.
     Google Scholar
  48. Udensi O, Ikpeme EV, Uyoh EA, Brisibe EA. Evaluation of starch biodegradable plastics derived from cassava and their rates of degradation in soil. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;20(1):28-33. print ISSN: 0189-1731. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njb/index and www.biotechsocietynige ria.org.
     Google Scholar
  49. Stevens, E.S.; & Goldstein, N. How green are green plastics? Biocycle. 2002;43(12):42-45. https://www.bpiworld.org/resources/Documents/How%20Green%20are%20your%20Plastics%20by%20BioCycle.pdf.
     Google Scholar
  50. Shen J, Bartha R. Priming effect of glucose polymers in soil-based biodegradation tests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1997;29(8):1195-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00031-X.
     Google Scholar
  51. Lyoo WS, Yeum JH, Kwon OW, Shin DS, Han SS, Kim BC, Noh SK. Rheological properties of high molecular weight (HMW) syndiotactic poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/HMW atactic PVA blend solutions. Journal of applied polymer science, 2006;102(4):3934-3939. doi:10.1002/app.24223.
     Google Scholar
  52. Obasi HC, Igwe IO, Madufo, IC. Effect of soil burial on tensile properties of polypropylene/plasticized cassava starch blends. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013b. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/326538.
     Google Scholar
  53. Darni Y, Dewi FY, Lismeri L. Modification of sorghum starch-cellulose bioplastic with sorghum stalks filler. Journal of chemical engineering and environment, 2017;12(1). http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/RKL/article/view/5410.
     Google Scholar
  54. Leja K, Lewandowicz G. Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers-a review. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2010; 19(2). http://www.pjoes.com/Polymer-Biodegradation-and-Biodegradable-Polymers-a-Review,88379,0,2.html.
     Google Scholar